Scottish Government

INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS

1. Introduction

1.1 This chapter compares some statistics for Scotland with the 2007 27 EU member countries over a mixture of years. Due to the increased EU membership over the years overall comparisons with EU-15 and EU-27 countries are made.

1.2 Due to definitional variations across countries comparisons may not be exact (see Sections 3, 4 & 5), especially where noticeable difference exist between the UK figure and the UK/ GB calculated on the same basis as the figure for Scotland. Scotland figures use 2007 mid-year estimates, compared to the 1 ^st January 2007 population estimates given for EU countries.

1.4 In some cases, the EU countries' figures do not all relate to the same year. (See Section 5). Because of such differences, the commentary in Section 2 generally does not reference the year. As transport statistics tend to change slowly this shouldn't matter.

2. Main points

Population

2.1 Scotland has a low population: only eight of the EU-27 (Cyprus, Estonia, Ireland, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, Malta and Slovenia) have fewer people. Scotland also has a low population density (66 people per square kilometre) compared with the overall EU average ( EU-15: 120; EU-27: 114). Only six of the EU-27 countries (Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Lithuania, Latvia and Sweden) have a lower population density than Scotland.

Road Network

2.2 For its area, Scotland has a short Motorway network (5 km of Motorway per thousand square kilometres), well below the overall EU figure ( EU-15: 17.8; EU-27: 14.2). Seven of the EU-27 countries (Bulgaria, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Romania and Sweden) have a lower figure than Scotland. This does not include Latvia and Malta as there is no data available.

2.3 The total length of the Scottish road network is also short, relative to the area of the country (Scotland: 730 km of road per thousand square kilometres; EU-15: 1,294; EU-27: 1,222). Of the EU-27, four countries (Bulgaria, Spain, Finland and Romania) have lower figures than Scotland.

2.4 Scotland has a short rail network for its area (35.1 km of route per thousand square kilometres) compared with the overall EU figure ( EU-15: 47.4; EU-27: 49.8). Eleven of the 27 EU countries have a lower value than Scotland.

Vehicles per Population

2.5 Scotland has few cars for the size of its population (425 per thousand population) compared with the EU as a whole ( EU-15: 508; EU-27: 466). Twelve of the EU-27 countries have lower figures than Scotland. However, relative to the population, the number of new registrations of cars in Scotland was above the overall EU level: Scotland had 38 new registrations per thousand population; the EU-15 had 37; and the EU-27 figure was 31. Six countries (Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg and UK) had a higher figure than Scotland.

2.6 Scotland also has few goods vehicles relative to the size of its population (50 per thousand population) compared with the overall EU average ( EU-15: 70; EU-27: 65). Of the EU-27, nine countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungry, Lithuania, Romania, Slovenia and Slovak Republic) have lower figures.

Distances travelled

2.7 Walking, cycling and motorcycles are excluded from the calculation of these modal shares, for consistency with the figures in the relevant table of the EU publication. That table shows just four modes (passenger cars, buses/coaches, railways and tram/metro) and gives their shares of the total for those four modes. Passenger cars account for a slightly higher percentage of the total travel by those four modes in Scotland (84.1%) than the EU as a whole ( EU-27: 82.3%). However, it should be noted that the Scottish and GB figures have not been updated since the previous publication.

Air travel

2.8 Relative to the size of its population, Scotland has slightly more international air passengers to or from the EU-27 countries (1.54 per head of the population, not counting internal UK traffic) than the overall EU figure ( EU-15: 1.41; EU-27: 1.22).

Road Fatalities

2.9 Scotland's number of road deaths per million population is well below the overall EU average (Scotland: 61; EU-15: 76; EU-27: 87). Of the EU-27 countries, only five countries (Malta, Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark and UK) had lower figures.

Freight

2.10 For freight transport, road has a low modal share in Scotland (59.9%) compared with the overall EU figure ( EU-15: 75.6%; EU-27: 72.7%) due to the high modal share of pipelines (23.9%, higher than in any EU country). The modal shares of rail and inland waterways in Scotland are both below the overall figures for the EU-27.

3.1 Table Comparisons

• Rates (per thousand population or per thousand square kms) are based on the countries' areas and populations presented in EU Energy and Transport in Figures. As figures are rounded to a few decimal places, results won't be as precise as they using exact figures. Therefore figures should be regarded as broad indicators;
• Country figures may not be on exactly the basis due to the availability of data. There is plenty of scope for differences in interpretation or definition (e.g. should the surface area of inland lochs and lakes be included when calculating a country's area?);
• Scotland figures may differ from those elsewhere in Scottish Transport Statistics in order to provide Scottish figures on the same basis as the GB or UK figures given in the final two columns.
• GB and UK figures are on the same basis as the figures for Scotland. The closer that these figures are to the UK (or GB) figures from EU Energy and Transport in Figures (columns to the left of the EU-15 and EU-27), the closer that the Scottish basis is to the EU countries.
• Many of the Scotland figures are derived from GB-wide surveys conducted by the Department for Transport and UK figures may not be as readily available. As Northern Ireland may account for a small percentage of a UK figure, there is likely to be little difference between figures for GB and UK, particularly for rates.
• some of the Scotland, GB and/or UK figures appear with more significant digits than the figures for the EU countries, increasing the precision of the rates.

4. Notes & Sources: EU countries

4.1 Most EU country statistics originate from the 2007 EU Energy and Transport in Figures, produced annually by the EC Directorate General for Energy and Transport with the assistance of Eurostat. The publication contains a range of detailed statistics and only a summary are presented in this chapter. Email tif@cec.eu.int or available at:

http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/energy_transport/figures/pocketbook/2007_en.htm

5. Notes & Sources: Scotland, UK & GB

5.1 In general, notes on and definitions of the figures for Scotland (and, by implication, the figures on the same basis for the UK or GB as a whole) appear in the relevant chapters. Therefore, this section covers only matters which are not dealt with there.

5.3 Population, area and population density: The population figures for Scotland, GB and UK are mid-2007 estimates ( NB: the EU publication's figures are for 1 January 2007) based on Office for National Statistics release (published on 21 August 2008), available at www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=6. Scottish figures are taken directly from the General Registry Office of Scotland.

Areas figures relate to 2006 (no year is specified for the EU publication's figures) taken from Table 1.1 of the 2008 edition of the Annual Abstract of Statistics. Population densities were calculated by the Scottish Government using these area estimates.

5.4 Motorways: the figures for Scotland and for GB are for 2005 (the same year as most of the EU figures). They were taken from Table 7.9 of Transport Statistics Great Britain 2006 edition ( TSGB 2006). The DfT's figure for Scotland was used in this table. It differs slightly from the figure for the length of motorways in Scotland (excluding slip roads) in Table 5.1).

5.5 All roads: the figures for Scotland and for GB relate to 2005 (the same year as most of the EU figures), taken from Table 7.9 of TSGB 2006. The DfT's figure for Scotland was used in this table which differs from the road length figure in Table 5.1, due to the DfT using a Geographical Information System ( GIS) and Ordnance Survey data to produce estimates. Whereas (as explained in Chapter 5) most of the figures in Table 5.1 are produced from annual returns made by local authorities. Some time after publishing its GIS-based estimates for 2003, DfT found that they were wrongly counting some private roads in Scotland (mainly those for which the Forestry Commission is responsible) as public roads, and also used data supplied by some local authorities to improve its estimates of the length of the minor road network. DfT subsequently produced better estimates for 2004, which are lower than its estimate for 2003 by about 2,800 km for Scotland (and about 4,600 km for GB as a whole) but are still greater than the figures given in table 5.1. It should be emphasised that DfT's over-estimation of the length of the road network (in 2003 and, perhaps, 2004) does not alter the main conclusion that one would draw from the data, which is that (relative to its area) Scotland has one of the shortest road networks in the EC.

Some figures in the latest EU publication (Germany, Finland, Italy and Poland) did not contain information for 'other road' types and so the previous years total has been used.

5.6 Railways: the figures are for the route length at the end of the financial year 2005/06 (the EU figures are for 2005). The figure for Scotland is from Table 8.15; the GB figure was taken from Table 6.5 of TSGB 2006.

5.7 Passenger cars, and new registrations of passenger cars: the passenger cars and new registrations of passenger cars figures for Scotland and GB are for 2006 (the same year as most of the EU figures). They are taken from Table 3.2 of DfT's Regional Transport Statistics 2007 edition ( RTS 2007). It is not known why the EU publication's figure for new registrations for the UK is slightly lower than the DfT figure for GB. The source of the EU publication's figures is described as the Association des Constructeurs Europeens d'Automobiles, so there may be differences in coverage, definition or timing.

5.8 Powered two wheelers: the figures for Scotland and GB are for 2006 (the same year as most of the EU figures). They are taken from Table 3.1 of RTS 2007, which includes figures for motorcycles, scooters and mopeds and based on numbers of vehicles licensed at 31st December. The EU publication's figure (for the UK) is much higher than the DfT figure for GB, probably as motorcycles tend to be used in the summer, and may have six month licences as stored, off-road and unlicensed, during the winter months. See the Annex in any recent edition of DfT's Vehicle Licensing Statistics bulletin. EU figures are based on national sources and definitions may vary.

5.9 Goods vehicles: the figures for Scotland and GB are for 2006 (the same year as most of the EU figures). The Scottish figure is taken from Table 1.2 of this publication, and the GB figure is taken from Table 3.1 of RTS2007. They are the totals of the figures for the body types light goods and goods (the latter being heavy goods vehicles). The result of using the body type figures is slightly different from that which would have been obtained had taxation group figures been used.

5.10 Passenger transport - distance travelled and modal shares

4.10.1 The figures for Scotland and GB are for the two year period 2004/2005 (the EU figures are for 2006). Following the increase in its sample size with effect from 2002, the National Travel Survey can provide some figures for a single year for Scotland, but figures for the two year period should be less susceptible to sampling fluctuations. The figures for Scotland are taken from Table 3 of Travel by Scottish residents: some National Travel Survey results for 2004 and 2005. The GB figures for 2004/2005 were calculated by simply averaging the separate figures for 2004 and 2005 shown in Table 3.1 of DfT's National Travel Survey: 2005 bulletin.

4.10.2 The NTS figures relate to the mode of travel, not to the main mode that is used in some other analyses of NTS figures and use detailed mode breakdowns of NTS results as opposed to aggregate groupings. Also passenger cars category consists of car only - driver, car only - passenger and taxi / minicab; the buses and coaches category covers private hire bus, bus in London, local bus and non-local bus; and the tram / metro category relates only to the London Underground (the Glasgow Underground is not identified in the results of the NTS).

4.10.3 The NTS average for the total distance travelled per person in GB (covering all modes of transport) is 7,156 miles, or 11,515 kilometres. For the modes of transport shown in the table (which excludes, for example, air and ferry) the NTS average is 11,342 kilometres. This is noticeably less than the GB total of 13,532 kilometres for the modes of travel shown in the table, which was calculated from the overall passenger-kilometre figures published in EU Energy and Transport in Figures. This difference arises because the two sets of figures are on different bases:

• the NTS figures relate only to personal travel within GB, and are produced from the results of a survey of households across GB;
• the EU publication's figures have been derived by dividing estimates of the total volume of travel (passenger-kilometres) within the country by the total population of the country.

The kinds of travel which would be counted using the latter approach (but not by the NTS) include

• travel within GB by foreign tourists and other non-residents;
• travel for business purposes (e.g. to and from meetings);
• and, possibly, some travel in the course of their work by the likes of lorry drivers, postmen and bus drivers.

Therefore, estimates produced using the latter approach will be greater than the NTS estimates, which cover only personal travel by residents.

4.10.4 The table below shows how one can obtain figures for GB which are, in general, closer to those which are calculated from the information in the EU publication.

4.10.5 There are no official estimates of the total passenger-kilometres travelled within Scotland: the only Scottish estimates of the average distance travelled per head of population are NTS ones, which cover only personal travel by residents.

4.10.6 Although the two methods produce markedly different average distances ( NTS: 11,342 kilometres; calculated from the statistics in EU Energy and Transport in Figures: 13,804 kilometres), they produce quite similar modal shares - e.g. the modal share for passenger cars is: NTS - 85.3%; shown in EU Energy and Transport in Figures - 86.6% ( NB: in both cases, the modal shares are calculated excluding powered two-wheelers, walking and cycling, for consistency with the figures in the relevant table of the EU publication). Therefore, the modal shares for Scotland, calculated from the NTS results, should be comparable to the modal shares for the EU countries.

4.11 International air passengers (traffic between EU countries): the figures for Scotland and the UK are both for 2006 (the same year as the EU figures). The Scottish figure is taken from the Total EU countries in Table 9.3(a) of this publication. It is the number of passengers to and from most of the EU-25 countries for the main Scottish international airports (Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Glasgow and Glasgow Prestwick). The table shows figures for 19 of the 24 EU member states (not counting the UK): these are the countries for which the international air passenger route analysis table on the Civil Aviation Authority's Web site (from which the figures for Table 9.3(a) were obtained) shows passengers to/from Scottish airports (for example, the CAA table does not show any passengers between, say, Luxembourg and any Scottish airport in 2005). These figures will underestimate slightly the total number of international passengers between Scotland and EU countries because they do not include (a) passengers on charter only routes in cases where fewer than 5,000 passengers were carried between an airport and a particular country, nor (b) any passengers to and from EU countries at other airports in Scotland. The UK figure is taken from Table 2.8 of TSGB 2007, using the figures for EU-25.

4.12 Road fatalities: the figures for Scotland and GB are both for 2006 (as are most of the EU figures). The Scottish figure is taken from Table 2 of Road Accidents Scotland 2006, and the GB figure is taken from Table 8.1 of TSGB 2007.

4.13 Freight transport - modal shares

4.13.1 Both Scotland and GB relate to 2006 (as do the EU figures). The Scottish figures are derived from the tonne-kilometre figures for each mode of transport which appear in Table H2(b) of this publication (the rail figure is for the 2004-05 financial year, as the corresponding figure for 2005-06 was not available at the time the table was updated). The GB figures are derived from the tonne-kilometre figures for each mode of transport which appear in Table 4.3 of TSGB 2008.

4.13.2 The figures for Scotland are based on the tonnage of goods lifted in Scotland and the distance on which they are carried on that journey, be it within Scotland or from Scotland to (say) England. For example, the tonne-kilometres for goods taken from (say) Edinburgh to London would be calculated using the full distance between Edinburgh and London (over 660 kilometres) not just the distance between Edinburgh and the border (under 160 kilometres). Therefore, the figures do not represent the modal shares for freight transport within Scotland: they include tonne-kilometres outwith Scotland on journeys which started in Scotland, and they exclude tonne-kilometres within Scotland on journeys which started elsewhere.